{
 "source": {
  "title": "Roman numerals (Wikipedia), sections Description, Other additive forms and Vinculum",
  "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals",
  "revision": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_numerals&oldid=1380637424",
  "revisionTime": "2026-10-17T00:17:50Z",
  "fetched": "2026-10-20",
  "licence": "Quotations from Wikipedia text, CC BY-SA 4.0; the table of decimal places is from the same section.",
  "note": "Fetched by public GET of the article's wikitext (action=raw) while this page was built. Reference markup removed from the quotes; the words are unchanged."
 },
 "places": {
  "thousands": ["", "M", "MM", "MMM"],
  "hundreds": ["", "C", "CC", "CCC", "CD", "D", "DC", "DCC", "DCCC", "CM"],
  "tens": ["", "X", "XX", "XXX", "XL", "L", "LX", "LXX", "LXXX", "XC"],
  "units": ["", "I", "II", "III", "IV", "V", "VI", "VII", "VIII", "IX"]
 },
 "symbols": { "I": 1, "V": 5, "X": 10, "L": 50, "C": 100, "D": 500, "M": 1000 },
 "subtractive": ["IV", "IX", "XL", "XC", "CD", "CM"],
 "quotes": [
  { "id": "subtractive", "text": "The numerals for 4 (IV) and 9 (IX) are written using subtractive notation, where the smaller symbol (I) is subtracted from the larger one (V or X), instead of IIII and VIIII. Subtractive notation is also used for 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD) and 900 (CM). These are the only subtractive forms in standard use." },
  { "id": "places", "text": "A number containing two or more decimal digits is built by appending the Roman numeral equivalent for each, from highest to lowest." },
  { "id": "max", "text": "The largest number that can be represented in this manner is 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX)." },
  { "id": "zero", "text": "Roman numerals use different symbols for each power of ten, and there is no zero symbol." },
  { "id": "clock", "text": "Modern clock faces that use Roman numerals still very often use IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock, a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century." },
  { "id": "vinculum", "text": "Using the vinculum, conventional Roman numerals are multiplied by 1,000 by adding a \"bar\" or \"overline\", thus: IV [with a bar] = 4,000, XXV [with a bar] = 25,000." },
  { "id": "nostandard", "text": "This allows some flexibility in notation, and there has never been an official or universally accepted standard for Roman numerals." }
 ]
}